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Maharishi University of Management (MUM), formerly Maharishi International University, is an American non-profit university located in Fairfield, Iowa. It was founded in 1973 by Maharishi Mahesh Yogi and features a "consciousness-based education" system that includes the practice of the Transcendental Meditation technique.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Consciousness-Based Education at Maharishi University of Management )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Founding and History of Maharishi University of Management )〕 Its founding principles include the development of the full potential of the individual, fulfilling economic aspirations while maximizing proper use of the environment and bringing spiritual fulfillment and happiness to humanity.〔 The university is accredited 〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=https://www.hlcommission.org/component/directory/?Action=ShowBasic&Itemid=&instid=1770 )〕 through the PhD level by the Higher Learning Commission of the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools and offers degree programs in art, business, education, communications, mathematical science, literature, physiology & health, Vedic Science and sustainable living. The original campus was located in Goleta, California, and in 1974 moved to the current 272-acre campus in Fairfield, Iowa. During the 1990s many older buildings were demolished and replaced using green technology and the principles of ancient Vedic architecture.〔 The university features an academic "block system" (only one subject for four weeks) and a diverse, multinational student body. It is said to offer a "whole-system approach" that aims to move beyond the library and classroom settings and engage students in a personal journey of evolution and growth through meditation and an organic, vegetarian food program.〔〔Dorfman, Josh (2007) Harry N. Abrams Inc., The Lazy Environmentalist: Your Guide to Easy, Stylish, Green Living, Chapter 21〕 ==History== The concept for a university came out of a "series of international symposia on Science of Creative Intelligence" (SCI) attended by notable academics.〔Jefferson, William (1976) Pocket Books, The Story of The Maharishi, pp118–123〕 It was established in 1971 by Nat Goldhaber. It was created with the belief that a school that incorporated the "philosophy and techniques of Transcendental Meditation" would create an "unusual contribution to higher education".〔 Its founding principles were to develop the full potential of the individual, realize the highest ideal of education, improve governmental achievements, solve the age-old problem of crime and all behavior that brings unhappiness to the world family, bring fulfillment to the economic aspirations of individuals and society, maximize the intelligent use of the environment, and achieve the spiritual goals of humanity in this generation.〔Maharishi International Bulletin (1979–1981)〕 It was inaugurated by Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, and Robert Keith Wallace assumed his position as the first university president in 1973. Its first location was an apartment complex in Goleta, California.〔 The university enrolled 700 students during its first year of operation.〔 In August 1974, the university purchased the campus of the bankrupt Parsons College in Fairfield, Iowa, for $2.5 million〔 and relocated there.〔〔(Engel, Allison, "Maharishi International University mixes meditation and education", ''Change'' Vol 7 No 4 (May 1975) p. 19 )〕〔Nelson, Bryce (July 9, 1973) "The Death of a College—Grand Idea That Failed", The Los Angeles Times, The college trustees asked for protection of the federal court under Chapter 11 of the Bankruptcy Act. In his order, the federal bankruptcy judge, Richard Stageman, admitted "the affection and esteem" in which Iowans held the college but said that it was irretrievably insolvent"〕 In 1975, the freshman and sophomore years consisted of interdisciplinary studies, and were organized in a modular format, with each course lasting a few weeks or months. All students, regardless of their previous education, were required to attend 24 interdisciplinary courses,〔 some of which consisted of pre-recorded video tapes of "resident faculty" who were not on campus,〔〔 while graduate students and teaching assistants played the video tapes and conducted discussions.〔 Nobel Prize winner Melvin Calvin said that, even though he participated in a symposium on SCI, the use of his name in the MIU catalogue was "perilously close to false advertising". John Lewis, a professor at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) who created video-taped lectures for MIU, was supportive, saying that TM "unblocks the student's pathways to education".〔 During this period, an open admissions policy was instituted, and transfer students were welcomed regardless of their academic history.〔〔 In 1975 the university held its first commencement exercise awarding 13 Bachelor of Interdisciplinary Studies degrees and 38 Master's degrees.〔(1975 Yearbook - Graduation ), MUM, 1975.〕 In 1976, the accreditation evaluation team from the North Central Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools said the 19 senior and 20 assistant faculty〔 were "creative in their vision for higher education and eminently qualified", and the university was granted "candidate for accreditation" status.〔 At that time, faculty and administrators were paid "approximately the same base salary of $275 per month", with additional compensation "on a sliding scale for those with spouses and children", plus free housing in university dormitories.〔Maeroff, Gene I., "College in Iowa flourishes on meditation", ''New York Times'' (May 18, 1976) p 16 Reprinted ()〕 On campus, drugs and alcohol were "shunned" and a "strong sense of community" was said to pervade the institution.〔 Bevan Morris was appointed president and chairman of Maharishi International University's board of trustees in 1979. The following year, the university received accreditation through the doctoral level by the Higher Learning Commission, and became a member of the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools (NCACS).〔〔Kapur, Kamlesh (2010) Sterling Publishers, History Of Ancient India (Portraits Of A Nation), pp 462–463〕〔〔Gidley, Jennifer (2000) Greenwood Publishing Group, The University in Transformation: Global Perspectives on the Futures of the University, pp 215–217〕 1981 saw the completion of two 20,000 square foot meditation buildings called Golden Domes, that were built on campus for daily group practice of the Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi programs.〔(Magician Mixes Marriage and Meditation; The Hour (Associated Press) ) Norwalk, CT, December 2, 1981〕 By this time the Henn Mansion, Trustee Gymnasium and Ballard Hall buildings, built in the early 1900s, showed rapid deterioration. These buildings were scheduled to be demolished but the university spent $500,000 to restore Henn Mansion, starting 1984, and nominated six other buildings for the National Historic Register.〔Goff, Rory and Rena (November 2012) Remembering Barhydt Chapel, Iowa Source, page F-1〕 In July 1983, the ''Argus-Press'' reported that competing meditation seminar teacher, Robin Woodsworth Carlsen, had criticized and ridiculed the university in a full-page advertisement placed in a local newspaper and had filed a lawsuit against the university. As a result, "many students" who were distributing Carlsen's literature on campus were asked to leave the campus and several were suspended with their meditation dome admission privileges revoked.〔(Munns, Roger, "Upstart stirring up the karma", ''Owosso Argus-Press'' (Associated Press) (July 21, 1983) )〕 In December 1983, the university hosted a three-week "Taste of Utopia" conference with more than 7,000 participants and practitioners of the TM-Sidhi program "from around the world". MIU president Morris later reported that research data indicated the conference had reduced violence in war-torn areas and inspired an increase in the Dow Jones stock index via the Maharishi Effect.〔(November 2010)(James McCartney to make American debut in Fairfield ) ''The Gazette'', retrieved April 5, 2012〕 By 1992, the university had 800 students from more than 70 countries, paying approximately $10,000 a year for their tuition and board.〔 In 1995, Maharishi International University changed its name to Maharishi University of Management (MUM) to emphasize that gaining deep experience and deep knowledge had a profound practical value in enabling students to "fully manage" their life.〔〔 As part of its master plan to rebuild and expand the campus using natural materials and Maharishi Vastu Architecture design principles, many of the Parsons College buildings, which had high maintenance costs, were demolished, including Foster Hall.〔 In 2000, local preservationists protested the demolition of Parsons Hall, built in 1915, and Barhydt Chapel, designed in 1911 by Henry K. Holsman. University officials said that MUM would donate the buildings to any community group who could raise the $1 million needed to move what the local newspaper described as an "ailing building".〔Beth Dalby, "M.U.M. reveals plans for Barhydt Chapel, Fairfield Ledger, November 17, 2000, p. 1〕 In response to protests the university ensured the survival of the chapel's plaques, pipe organ, and stained glass windows, which are now displayed at the Fairfield Arts & Convention Center.〔 Between 2000 and 2005, the university demolished Carnegie Hall, Parsons Hall (1915), Barhydt Chapel (1911), Blum Stadium (1966), Laser Tower, the dining hall, and 38 dormitory-style "pods". Seven student "residence halls" with single rooms were completed in 2005 using eco-friendly designs, natural materials and geo-thermal heating.〔 A stabbing incident occurred in 2004, when MUM student Shuvender Sem attacked two other students in separate incidents on the same day. He stabbed the first student with a pen and, hours later, fatally stabbed Levi Butler with a knife. Sem was found not guilty due to insanity and the university settled a lawsuit that charged it with negligence.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Maharishi University of Management」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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